Diet may contribute to the development of autoimmune disease, but it can also be a tool to ease symptoms of an existing condition or potentially reduce the risk of developing one. A key focus of using diet as a strategy for managing autoimmune disease is to prioritize anti-inflammatory foods and get adequate levels of fiber, vitamins and minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids.
Autoimmune disease and diet share some interesting connections. In some ways, adjusting diet may help mitigate symptoms of an existing disease. And diet may even play a role in disease development.
“Nutrition plays a massive role in autoimmune flare-ups,” says Caylee Clay, RDN, who specializes in nutrition for autoimmune disease. “Consider that about 70 percent of our immune system lies in our digestive tract. This alone demonstrates the deep relationship between food, digestion, and immune functioning.”
A brief personal story: About 15 years ago, I began experiencing urticaria (hives) and angioedema (facial swelling) for no obvious reason. I have allergies, but my doctors and I couldn’t identify a trigger. At random times, my eyes and lips would swell, and my skin would develop giant itchy welts nearly everywhere.
After visits with several specialists and undergoing several tests, including a bone marrow biopsy at the Mayo Clinic, medical professionals determined I had mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS).
MCAS is not an autoimmune disease itself, but it has links to autoimmunity. Increased mast cell activation has associations with several autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency. My body was warning me that something was up, and I needed to address the issue before the problem potentially progressed to something worse.
My doctors prescribed me a litany of medications, but none of them addressed lifestyle, including diet. So, I did my own research.
I learned about the role of diet and other environmental factors in autoimmune diseases and autoimmune-adjacent conditions, including MCAS. I took matters into my own hands—kitchen, rather—and completely revamped my diet. Although MCAS doesn’t have a cure, I am now largely in remission, and I attribute this improvement to what I’ve chosen to put (and not put) on my plate.
Understanding autoimmune disease
Research is in its early stages on the connections between autoimmune disease and diet. While genetic factors play a role in who develops autoimmune disease, not everyone with a genetic predisposition for a condition will develop it. Researchers theorize that our environmental exposures, including diet, may trigger changes in the body that lead to disease.
Before we dig into the role of diet in autoimmune conditions, let’s dig into what autoimmune disease is.
Our immune systems are rather amazing. They are designed to be on the lookout for threats, including infections (hello, common cold), insect bites (darn wasps), injuries (oops, stubbed toe), and more. If your immune system detects a threat, it launches a battle against the issue.
But your immune system can act in error and confuse things that are not a problem as threats. In response, your immune system can attack cells, tissues, and entire organs. When this occurs, an autoimmune disorder may be present.
Researchers know of more than 80 autoimmune disorders, and likely more exist that we don’t yet know about. In other cases, researchers may eventually determine that existing conditions not yet labeled as autoimmune should get that label. Endometriosis is an example.
“I like to explain autoimmune disease as a ‘malfunctioning’ or ‘overworked’ immune system, where the body is attacking a part of itself,” Clay says. “I often see autoimmune disease defined as an ‘overactive’ immune system, but in my opinion, this isn’t the best way to describe what’s going on.”
Common autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and many more.
“The symptoms and severity vary by condition, but some level of inflammation is a common thread in most conditions,” says Emily Villaseca, RDN, and founder of Pass the Chia.
Globally 4 percent of people have an autoimmune disorder, but that stat goes up to 8 percent when looking at the United States alone. And prevalence is increasing over time.